Phytoremediation : many air pollutants are very toxic when retained in confined rooms; however certain plants can efficiently remove them through degradation  within a few days.   The rates of decomposition often vary from 70 to 90 %.  Luckily these tropical  plants are mostly shade lovers and prefer room temperature : they are easy to grow potted  indoors as long as their soil has a good humidity retention. ( coconut fiber bits or pouzzolane are here solutions ).  We give on this page the web addresses of institutions and web documents related to this  highly important public health issue. We email our price lists of these greatly  beneficial plants on request.

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Tropical Plants in South East Asia

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Meyer & Mongkol Co., Ltd. , 32 / 2 , M. 2 Bangphap Pakret, Nonthaburi 11120 , Thailand. ................................Mobile 66 81 837 73 93

   

       

 

 

 A to Z Plant list

Curcuma

Ixora Plumeria

A to Z  Pictures

Euphorbia   milii

Leaf Plants : Aglaonema , Plumeria New !

Adenium

Heliconia   & Banana

 Anthurium, Dieffenbachia    

Adenium New !

Hibiscus

Philodendron others ...    

Aquatic Plants  Hoya

Palms    
   
E- MAIL on HOME PAGE
P
Phalaenopsis spp.
Philodendron spp
Phoenix robelenii

R
Rhapis excelsia
Rhododendron

S
Sansevieria spp
Schefflera spp
Schlumbergera bridgesii Schlumbergera rhipsalidopsis
Spathiphyllum spp.
Syngonium podophyllum

T
Tulipa gesneriana

 

 

E
Epipremnum spp
Euphorbia pulcherrima

F
Ficus spp

G
gerbera jamesonii

H
Hedera helix
Homalomena spp

K
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana

L
Liriope spicata

M
Maranta leuconeura
Musa cavendishii

N
Nephrolepis exaltata
Nephrolepis obliterata


 

A
Aechmea fasciata
Aglaonema spp
Aloe vera
Anthurium spp
Areca catechu
Araucaria heterophylla

B
Begonia semperflorens

C
Calathea spp
Chamaedorea elegans
Chamaedorea seifrizii
Cissus rhombofilia
Chlorophytum spp
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Codiaeum variegatum
Cyclamen persicum

D
Dendrobium spp
Dieffenbachia
Dracaena



 

   In the 80s the idea of using plants as indoor air-fresheners and toxic materials removers came from  Dr. B.C. Wolverton while employed with NASA at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi.  http://www.wolvertonenvironmental.com/air.htm

   In his experiments he found that certain tropical plants can significantly decrease the concentration of some toxic materials such as formaldehyde, benzene and carbon-monoxide. ( see our charts on the left ).

Bérubé, Caty (éd.); (textes de) Larry Hodgson, 2000. Les 45 meilleures plantes pour purifier l'air de votre maison. Spécialités Terre à Terre Inc., Québec. 50 p. (Collection terre à terre) Cote B-JBM: 0850 B47.1

DeBraak, LaRonna S., 1991. A Breath of Fresh Air : A Practical Guide For Filtering Out Indoor Air Pollution Utilizing Houseplants. Mountain Meadow Publishing, Denver, Colorado. 138 p. Cote B-JBM: 0850 D42.1

Diane Relf, editor-in-chief, 1992. The Role of horticulture in human well-being and social
development: a national symposium, 19-21 April 1990. Timber Press Inc., Arlington, Virginia. 254 p. Cote B-JBM: 0185 R4.1



http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp  This link provides technical reports written by Dr. B. C. Wolverton. Click on the "NASA Technical Report Server" link above. At the search window, type wolverton into the box to gain access to a number of reports (most are downloadable in PDF format).

Sources of airborne Benzene are : Petroleum Products  Synthetic Fibers  Plastics  Inks & Dyes  Rubber Products  Detergents  Tobacco Smoke
Plants breaking down Benzene % of Benzene decomposition
Hedera helix 90%
Spatiphyllum 80%
Dracaena marginata 79%
Dracaena deremensis 78%
Epipremnum aureus 73%
Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckii' 70%
Sansevieria sp. 53%
Aglaonema 48%
Gerbera jamesonii % n/a
   
Sources of airborne Formaldehyde are : Foam Insulation Plywood or Particle Board
Carpeting  Furniture  Paper Products  Cleaners
Plants breaking down Formaldehyde % of Formaldehyde decomposition
Aloe barbadensis 90%
Chlorophytum comosum 86%
Philodendron 86-76%
Dracaena fragans 70%
Dracaena Massangeana 70%
Ficus benjamina 70%
Epipremnum aureum 67%
Syngonium podophyllum 67%
Dracaena marginata 60%
Dracaena deremensis Warneckii 50%
Spathiphyllum 50%
Nephrolepis exaltata % n/a
   
Sources of airborne Trichloroethylene are Dry Cleaning  Inks & Dyes  Adhesives  Varnishes  Lacquers & Paints
Plants breaking down Trichloroethylene % of Trichloroethylene decomposition
Spathiphyllum 50-23%
Dracaena deremensis Warneckii 24%
Dracaena deremensis 20%
Dracaena marginata 13%
Sansevieria spp. 13%
Hedera helix 11%
Chrysanthemum % n/a
   
Plants breaking down  ammonium chloride  % of ammonium chloride decomposition
Rhododendron % n/a
   
Plants breaking down  pentachlorophenol  % of pcp decomposition
Philodendron % n/a
   
Plants breaking down  carbon monoxide  % of  carbon monoxide decomposition
Chlorophytum comosum 96%
Epipremnum aureus 75%
   
Indoor pollution is not limited to the volatile compounds  carbon monoxide, PCP, ammonium chloride , trichloroethylene, formaldehyde and benzene : we give a list of plants found by several studies to be detoxifiers of more compounds >>>>>

Experiments report that air in closed rooms is cleaned with one plant for 10 sq. meters. Several species should be mixed to cover the wide range of the pollutants. 

     

WHO air quality guidelines
 http://www.euro.who.int/air/activities/20050223_4 Updated 08 January 2008
Table of contents
Preface (11kb PDF)
Part I. General
1. Introduction (35kb PDF)
2. Criteria used in establishing guideline values (70kb PDF)
3. Summary of the guidelines (39kb PDF)
4. Use of the guidelines in protecting public health (52kb PDF)
 
 Part II. Evaluation of Human Health Risks
5. Organic pollutants
5.1 Acrylonitrile (178kb PDF) *
5.2 Benzene (83kb PDF)
5.3 Butadiene (72kb PDF)
5.4 Carbon disulfide (194kb PDF) *
5.5 Carbon monoxide (204kb PDF)
5.6 1,2-Dichloroethane (176kb PDF) *
5.7 Dichloromethane (184kb PDF)
5.8 Formaldehyde (284kb PDF)
5.9 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (104kb PDF) 
5.10 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (262kb PDF)
5.11 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (331kb PDF)
5.12 Styrene (314kb PDF)
5.13 Tetrachloroethylene (222kb PDF)
5.14 Toluene (91kb PDF)
5.15 Trichloroethylene (219kb PDF)
5.16 Vinyl chloride (181kb PDF) *
 
6. Inorganic pollutants
6.1 Arsenic (64kb PDF)
6.2 Asbestos (194kb PDF) *
6.3 Cadmium (200kb PDF)
6.4 Chromium (67kb PDF)
6.5 Fluoride (48kb PDF)
6.6 Hydrogen sulfide (148kb PDF) *
6.7 Lead (225kb PDF)
6.8 Manganese(183kb PDF)
6.9 Mercury (219kb PDF)
6.10 Nickel (64kb PDF)
6.11 Platinum (193kb PDF)
6.12 Vanadium (170kb PDF) *
 
7. Classical pollutants
7.1 Nitrogen dioxide (136kb PDF)
7.2 Ozone and other photochemical oxidants (289kb PDF)
7.3 Particulate matter (353kb PDF)
7.4 Sulfur dioxide (168kb PDF)
 
8. Indoor air pollutants
8.1 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (99kb PDF)
8.2 Man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF) (229kb PDF)
8.3 Radon (224kb PDF)
  
Part III. Evaluation of Ecotoxic Effects
9. General approach (28kb PDF)
10. Effects of sulfur dioxide on vegetation - critical levels (243kb PDF)
11. Effects of nitrogen-containing air pollutants - critical levels (391kb PDF)
12. Effects of ozone on vegetation - critical levels (314kb PDF)
13. Indirect effects of acidifying compounds on natural systems - critical loads (196kb PDF)
14. Effects of airborne nitrogen pollutants on vegetation - critical loads (332kb PDF)
 
Annex I List of Contributors (183kb PDF)

(*) 1987 evaluation retained, not re-evaluated
 

  writes in a reference report of November 2006  : Cleaning up our chemical homes , changing the market to toxic - free products : ".... Chemicals out of control. Hazardous substances that are commonly used as chemical additives in consumer products can migrate out of the product over time. These same chemicals are consistently found in breast milk and umbilical cord blood, which demonstrates their wide, uncontrolled and undesired dispersion. Greenpeace testing has shown that hazardous, man-made chemicals are also widespread in house dust, rainwater and the bodies of eels. These substances can cause a wide range of health effects, including effects on the reproductive system, immune system and impacts on the nervous system and behavioural development. Exposure of the unborn child to minute quantities of hazardous substances can result in permanent irreversible damage... " .. 

 

Benzene, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, ammonium chloride, pentachlorophenol (pcp),  carbon monoxide.... they are some of the main volatile pollutants in our homes , classrooms, factories and offices.

Since the 80s laboratories in the world prove their toxicity to human health.

Public awareness of the danger  is now better than at that time and  tropical plants are a cheap and effective solution readily available..

Indoor Plants that break down indoor pollutants and rates of the decomposition over a few days are shown below  source :  http://fr.ekopedia.org/Plante_antipollution

 

http://www.air-interieur.org/Observatory.aspx

   The purpose of the OQAI (French Indoor Air Quality Observatory), appointed by the public Authorities in the framework of a convention, is to improve knowledge about indoor pollution and its origins and dangers, in order to finalize recommendations in the building field to improve the quality of indoor air.  The Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment  http://www.cstb.fr/  has supported investigations on Chlorophytum comosum ability to remove toluene from air in a closed environment. More on the findings.

.

More resources :

BULTEAU G., 2004, Définition d'une méthodologie d'évaluation des procédés d'élimination des composés organiques volatils de l'air intérieur, Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences pourl'ingénieur, spécialité génie des procédés, soutenue le10/12/04, Université de Nantes, 228 p.
CORNEJO J.J., MUNOZ F.G., MA C.Y. & STEWART A.J.,1999, “Studies on the decontamination of air by plants”,Ecotoxicology, 8, p.311-320.
DINGLE P., TAPSELL P. & HU S., 2000, “Reducing formalde-
hyde exposure in office environments using plants”, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,64, p.302-308.
GIESE M., BAUER-DORANTH U., LANGEBARTELSC. & SANDERMANN H. Jr., 1994, “Detoxification of formaldehyde by the spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum L.) and by
soybean (Glycine max L.) cell-suspension cultures”, Plant Physiology, 104, p.1301-1309.
KORTE F., KXESITADZE G., UGREKHELIDZE D., GORDE-
ZIANI M., KHATISSASHVILI G., BUADZE O., ZAALISHVILI G.& COULSTON F., 2000, “Organictoxicants and plants (review)”,
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,47, p.1-26.
RZEPKA M.A.,CUNY D., BULTEAU G., LAKEL A., CAZIER F., VAN HALUWYN C., 2005, “Accumulation and effects of formaldehyde in plants perspective for an use for indoor air
treatment ?”in: Third international conference on plants and nvironmental pollution; Lucknow, Inde, 28/11/05 - 2/12/05.
SCHMITZ H., HILGERS U. & WEIDNER M., 2000,
“Assimilation and metabolism of formaldehyde by meaves
appear unlikely to be a value for indoor air purification”,
New Phytologist,147 (2), p.307-315.
UGREKHELIDZE D., KORTE F.& KVESITADZE G., 1997,
“Uptake and transformation of benzene and toluene by
plant leaves”, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 37,
p.24-29.
WOLVERTON B., C. & WOLVERTON J., 1992, Interior
plants and their role in indoor air quality : an overview,
Wolverton Environmental Services.
WOLVERTON B. C., MCDONALD R. C. & MESICK H. H.,
1985, “Foliage plants for indoor removal of the primary
combustion gases carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide”
Journal of the Mississipi Academy of Sciences, 30, 1-8.